ἀ- + φόνος

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Yes

Last modification

Sat, 07/03/2021 - 11:39

Word-form

ἄποινα

Transliteration (Word)

apoina

English translation (word)

ransom, blood price

Transliteration (Etymon)

a- + phonos

English translation (etymon)

not + murder

Author

Epimerismi homerici

Century

9 AD

Source

Idem

Ref.

Epimerismi homerici in Iliadem 1, 13d1

Ed.

A. Dyck, Epimerismi homerici, pars prior epimerismos continens qui ad Iliadis librum A pertinent, Berlin 1983

Quotation

ἄποινα: οἱονεὶ ἀφοινά τινα ὄντα, τὰ ὑπὲρ φόνου κυρίως διδόμενα λύτρα, παρὰ τὸ φῶ, τὸ φονεύω, ἄφονος, ἄφοινα καὶ ἄποινα

Translation (En)

Apoina "ransom": *aphoina, as it were, in the proper meaning, the blood money given for a murder. From *phô "to kill", *aphonos, *aphoina and apoina

Comment

Compositional etymology parsing ἄποινα as a privative compound of φόνος "murder" (see ἀ- + φονή), literally "murder-free", and implying several formal manipulations: change of the [ph] into [o], adjunction of an [I]. The blood money is literally that which liberates from murder. This relies on a meaning of ἄποινα which is unknown in Homer, where the word almost always means "ransom" for a captive, but the meaning "blood money" is found in tragedy

Parallels

D Scholia Il. 1.13 Van Thiel (ἄποινα: δῶρα, λύτρα, ἄφοινά τινα ὄντα, τὰ ἕνεκεν φόνου διδόμενα); Epimerismi homerici Il. 1. 13d2 (ἄποινα: οἱ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ φόνος ἄφονος; πλεονασμῷ ἄφοινος καὶ ἄποινος. οἱ δὲ ἐκ τοῦ ποινή, ἡ τιμωρία, γίνεται ἄποινος. ἢ ἐκ τοῦ φονή, ὃ σημαίνει τὸν τόπον τῶν ἀναιρουμένων·); Etym. Genuinum, alpha 1050 (Ἄποινα· τὰ ὑπὲρ φόνου διδόμενα· λύτρα· ἔστιν οὖν φόνος καὶ κατὰ στέρησιν ἄφονος, καὶ κατὰ πλεονασμὸν τοῦ ι ἄφοινος, καὶ τὸ οὐδέτερον τὸ ἄφοινον καὶ ἄποινον, τουτέστιν τὰ ὑπεξαιρούμενα τοῦ φονικοῦ ἐγκλήματος); Etym. Magnum, Kallierges, p. 132 (idem); Etym. Gudianum, alpha, p. 170 (Ἄποινα <Β 230>· οἱ μέν, ἐκ τοῦ φόνος ἄφονος καὶ πλεονασμῷ τοῦ ι ἄφοινος <ἄποινος καὶ ἄποινα>, ἄφοινά τινα ὄντα τὰ ὑπεξαιροῦντα τοῦ φονικοῦ· οἱ δέ, ἐκ τοῦ ποινή, ἡ τιμωρία, γίνεται ἄποινος, ἢ ἐκ τοῦ φονή, ὃ σημαίνει τὸν τόπον τῶν ἀναιρουμένων); Eustathius, Comm. Il. 1, 39-40 Van der Valk (τὰ δ’ αὐτὰ καὶ ἄποινα, ὡς ἄν τις εἴποι ἄφοινα, δι’ ὧν τις φόνου λύεται); Etym. Symeonis, vol. 1, p. 148 (φόνος καὶ κατὰ στέρησιν ἄφονος, καὶ πλεονασμῷ τοῦ ι ἄφοινος καὶ τὸ οὐδέτερον τὸ ἄφοινον, καὶ <τροπῇ τοῦ φ εἰς π> ἄποινον, τουτέστι τὰ ὑπεξαιρούμενα τοῦ φονικοῦ ἐγκλήματος. ἢ ἐκ τοῦ ποινή γίνεται ἄποινος); Tzetzes, Exegesis in Homeri Iliadem 1.13 (ἄποινα δὲ λέγονται ἄφοινά τινα ὄντα, τὰ λυτρούμενα φόνον, καὶ ἄποινα, κατὰ τροπὴν τοῦ δασέος εἰς ψιλόν); Ps.-Zonaras, Lexicon, alpha, p. 252 (Ἄποινα. τὰ δῶρα καὶ τὰ λύτρα τὰ ὑπὲρ φόνου διδόμενα. ἔστιν οὖν φόνος, καὶ κατὰ στέρησιν ἄφονος, καὶ πλεονασμῷ τοῦ ι ἄφοινος, καὶ τὸ οὐδέτερον ἄφοινον καὶ ἄποινον, τουτέστι τὰ ὑπεξαιρούμενα τοῦ φονικοῦ ἐγκλήματος. [ἢ ἐκ τοῦ ποινὴ, ἡ τιμωρία, γίνεται ἄποινος καὶ ἄποινον]); Geneva scholion Il. 1.13ter ([ἄποινα] ἄφοινά τινα ὄντα, τὰ ἕνεκεν φόνου διδόμενα); ibid., 1.13quat. (ἄποινα γίνεται ἐκ τοῦ ποινή, τοῦτο ἐκ τοῦ φόνος); ibid., 1.23 (ἄποινα δὲ τὰ ἐπὶ λύτρῳ φόνου διδόμενα, ἄφοινά τινα ὄντα)

Bibliography

On the meaning and etymology of ἄποινα, see C. Le Feuvre, “Νήποινος, νηποινεί, ἀνάποινος, ἄποινα, and ποινή”, Glotta 97, 2021, pp. 107–157. The meaning "ransom" in Homer is secondary, the original meaning is "blood money", and the word is a compound of ποινή

Modern etymology

Compound of ποινή, from an older *ἀπόποινος with haplology at the morphological boundary, meaning "taking away the reprisals", not from *sm̥-kwoino-, pace West 2001 and Beekes, EDG (see Bibliography above)

Persistence in Modern Greek

No

Entry By

Le Feuvre