δεινός
Word
Validation
Word-form
Word-lemma
Etymon-lemma
Transliteration (Word)
English translation (word)
Transliteration (Etymon)
English translation (etymon)
Century
Reference
Edition
Source
Ref.
Ed.
Quotation
Ἰστέον δὲ ὅτι καθ’ Ἡρακλείδην διαλέκτου Ἰωνικῆς καὶ Αἰολικῆς ἐστι τὸ εὐράξ. Ἡ γὰρ τῶν Ἰώνων καὶ Αἰολέων, φησί, διάλεκτος τὰ πρῶτα σύμφωνα αἴρειν εἴωθεν, ἄν τε ἓν ᾖ, ἄν τε καὶ δύο τύχῃ, ἓν μὲν ὡς ἐπὶ τοῦ λαιψηρός αἰψηρός, πήγανον ἤγανον, δεινόν αἰνόν, δύο δὲ ὡς ἐπὶ τοῦ πλάνη. ἀπελθόντων γὰρ τῶν ἐξ ἀρχῆς δύο συμφώνων γίνεται ἄνη καὶ κατὰ ἀντίθεσιν τοῦ ν εἰς τὸ λ ἄλη. οὕτω δὲ καὶ ἐκ τοῦ πλανᾶ[σθαι, φησί, τὸ ἀλᾶσθαι, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ φθείρω δὲ ἀπελθόντων τῶν ἐν ἀρχῇ κειμένων δασέων τὸ ἔρρω φησὶ γίνεσθαι] καθ’ ὁμοιότητα τοῦ κείρω κέρρω Αἰολικοῦ. ὁμοίως οὖν καὶ ἐκ τοῦ πλευράξ ἀφῄρηνται τὰ κατάρχοντα δύο σύμφωνα, καὶ λέλειπται τὸ εὐράξ, ὃ κεῖται καὶ παρὰ Λυκόφρονι.
Translation (En)
You must know that, according to Heraclides, eurax ‘obliquely’ is an Ionic and Aeolic form. Because, he says, the Ionic and Aeolic dialects are used to dropping the initial consonant, be there only one consonant or two: one, as in laipsēros / aipsēros ‘quick’, pēganon / ēganon "rue" (plant), deinon / ainon "terrible"; two, as in planē "wandering": it becomes *anē when the two initial consonants are gone and through change of the [n] into [l], alē "wandering". This is how, he says, from planâsthai "to wander" comes alâsthai "to wander", and from phtheirō "to destroy", once the two aspirate initial consonants are gone, errō "to go to hell", similar to keirō "to cut", in Aeolic kerrō. Similarly, then, one takes the two initial consonants from *pleurax (from pleura "flank") and what remains is eurax, which is also used by Lycophron.
Parallels
Idem, fr. 39, ap. Eustathius, Comm. Od. 1, 367 (Αἰολεῖς γάρ φασι τῶν τοιούτων θεμάτων τὴν παρατέλευτον δίφθογγον ἀλλοιώσαντες καὶ μεταθέντες τὸ ἰῶτα εἰς ρ ἴδια ποιοῦσι ῥήματα. παραγὼν δὲ Ἡρακλείδης πρὸς ὁμοιότητα τοῦ φθείρω εἴρω καὶ τὸ πλάνη ἄνη καὶ ἀντιθέσει τοῦ ν εἰς λ ἄλη, καὶ εἰπὼν ἀντιστοιχεῖν τὸ λ καὶ ν Δωρικῶς ὡς ἐν τῷ ἄνη ἄλη οὕτω καὶ ἐν τῷ φίντατος φίλτατος. ἦνθεν ἦλθεν, ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐν τῷ Φίντης γίνεται παρὰ Πινδάρῳ, καὶ παρ’ Ἀττικοῖς δὲ καὶ ἐν τῷ νίτρον λίτρον καὶ πνεύμων πλεύμων, λέγει καὶ ὡς ἐκ τοῦ φθείρω, γίνεται κατὰ Δωριεῖς φθαίρω, ἀφ’ οὗ τὸ ἔφθαρκα. καὶ ἐκ τοῦ κτείνω, κταίνω Δωρικώτερον παρὰ Ἀλκαίῳ. ὅμοια δὲ καὶ τὸ μεσόγειον μεσόγαιον. καὶ κύπειρον κύπαιρον παρὰ Ἀλκμᾶνι. καὶ εἴθε αἴθε. καὶ δεινὸς αἰνὸς παρέσει τοῦ δ Ἰωνικῇ διαλέκτῳ); Theognostus, Canones sive De orthographia 350 (ἀπὸ τοῦ δέος παρωνύμως γέγονε δεινὸς, ὡς καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ κλέος κλεεινὸς, καὶ κατὰ συγκοπὴν κλεινὸς καὶ δεινός· ἀποβολῇ οὖν τοῦ δ καὶ τροπῇ τοῦ ε εἰς α αἰνός); Epimerismi homerici ordine alphabetico traditi, alpha 305 (α<ἶ>νος καὶ αἰνός: προπερισπωμένως μὲν ὁ ἔπαινος· καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ῥήματος ἰαίνω, τὸ διαχέω, οἷον ‘ἰαίνετο δὲ φρένας’ (Ap. Rh. 3, 1019) καὶ «τοῖο δὲ θυμὸς " ἰάνθη’ (Ψ 597-98), ἴαινος, ὁ διαχέων τὴν ψυχήν, ἀφαιρέσει τοῦ ι αἶνος, ὡς ἰήϊος ἤϊος. ὀξυτόνως δὲ ὁ φοβερὸς ἢ πονηρὸς καὶ κακός, ἀφ’ οὗ καὶ τὸ ‘αἰνόθεν αἰνῶς’ (Η 97). γίνεται παρὰ τὸ δεινός ἀποβολῇ τοῦ δ καὶ τροπῇ τοῦ ε εἰς α. †ὁ δὲ Ὦρος λέγει† ὅτι παρὰ τὸ δάϊς, ὃ σημαίνει τὴν μάχην, δαϊνός καὶ ἀφαιρέσει τοῦ δ ἀϊνός καὶ αἰνός); Choeroboscus, De orthographia (epitome), p. 194 (Αἰνός: Δεῖ γινώσκειν, ὅτι ἡνίκα τοῦτο τὸ δεινὸς τρέψῃ τὸ ε εἰς α, καὶ τὸ ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ σύμφωνον, ἤγουν τὸ δ ἀποβάλῃ, αἰνὸς γίνεται, ὥσπερ μέχρι ἄχρι, κατὰ τροπὴν τοῦ ε εἰς α); Etym. Genuinum, alpha 216 (παρὰ τὸ δεινός τροπῇ τοῦ ε εἰς α καὶ ἀποβολῇ τοῦ δ αἰνός, ὁ μάχιμος. οὕτως Ὠρίων); Etym. Gudianum, alpha, p. 48 (Αἴνιγμα· ἡ παραβολὴ καὶ ὁ σκοτεινὸς λόγος· ἐκ τοῦ αἰνί⸤σσω, τὸ ἐν⸥ ⟦παραβολαῖς⟧ λέγω. τὸ αι δίφθογγον. ἐκ τοῦ αἰνός, ὃ σημαίνει τὸν δεινὸν καὶ φοβερόν· τοῦ⸤το ἐκ⸥ τοῦ δει⟦νός αἰνός⟧· οἱ γὰρ Ἴωνες ἡνίκα ὕφεσιν ποιήσωνται τοῦ συμφώνου, τότε καὶ τὸ ⟦παραλῆγον φωνῆεν⟧ τρέπουσιν εἰς α, οἷον δεινός αἰνός, μέχρις ἄχρις); Etym. Gudianum Additamenta, alpha, p. 48 (Αἰνός· ὁ φοβερός, ἢ πονηρός, ἢ κακός· ἀφ’ οὗ <τὸ> <Η 97> „αἰνόθεν [καὶ] αἰνῶς“ καὶ <δ 441> „αἰνότατος“. παρὰ τὸ δεινός τροπῇ τοῦ ε εἰς α καὶ ἀποβολῇ τοῦ δ· ἢ παρὰ τὸ δαΐς, ⟦τὸ σημαῖνον⟧ τὴν μάχην, γέγονε δαϊνός καὶ ἀφαιρέσει τοῦ δ αἰνός, ὁ μάχιμος); Gregorius Pardus, De dialectis 4.46 (Αἱ ἀφαιρέσεις τῶν κατ’ ἀρχὴν συμφώνων Ἰώνων εἰσίν· εἴβειν ἀντὶ τοῦ λείβειν, καὶ αἰνὸς ἀντὶ τοῦ δεινός, καὶ αἶα ἀντὶ τοῦ γαῖα.); Etym. Magnum, Kallierges, p. 35-36 (Αἰνός: Παρὰ τὸ δεινὸς, τροπῇ τοῦ ε εἰς α, καὶ ἀποβολῇ τοῦ δ, αἰνός. Ἢ παρὰ τὸ δαῒς, ὅπερ σημαίνει τὴν μάχην, γέγονε δαϊνὸς καὶ δαινός· καὶ ἀφαιρέσει τοῦ δ, αἰνὸς, ὁ μάχιμος); ibid., p. 36 (Οἱ γὰρ Ἴωνες, ἡνίκα ὕφεσιν ποιήσωνται συμφώνου, τότε καὶ τὸ παραλῆγον φωνῆεν τρέπουσιν εἰς α· οἷον δεινὸς, αἰνός· μέχρις, ἄχρις); ibid., p. 262 (Ὥσπερ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἔλεος γίνεται ἐλεεινὸς, οὕτως καὶ παρὰ τὸ δέος γίνεται δεεινὸς, καὶ κράσει δεινὸς, ὁ φόβου ἐμποιητικός. Ὅθεν καὶ αἰνὸς, ὁ χαλεπός); ibid., p. 335 (ἔμπαιος […] Οἱ μὲν, παρὰ τὸ ἔμπειρος, ἄρσει τοῦ ρ, καὶ τροπῇ τοῦ ε εἰς α, ὡς τὸ δεινὸς, αἰνός); Etym. Symeonis, epsilon 369 (idem); Ps.-Zonaras, Lexicon, epsilon, p. 699 (idem); Ps.-Zonaras, Lexicon, alpha, p. 70 (Αἰνῶς καὶ αἰνότατος. παρὰ τὸ δεινὸς, τροπῇ τοῦ ε εἰς α, καὶ ἀποβολῇ τοῦ δ, αἰνός. σημαίνει δὲ καὶ τὸ λίαν).
Comment
Derivational etymology relying on an alleged systematic loss of the initial consonant in Aeolic and Ionic. This relies on a few examples where Homer has doublets like αἰψηρός / λαιψηρός, and the principle was extended to other pairs. A more precise version of this theory, found in later sources (Choeroboscus), has it that when the initial consonant is dropped, the [e] mechanically changes into [a] (see Parallels). It seems the etymology of αἰνός by *δαεινός modified from *δεεινός derived from δέος (see αἰνός / δέος) was meant as an alternative derivational path, not requiring any correlation between the loss of the consonant and the change of the vowel. But the two derivations appear not to have been distinguished by later sources. The two adjectives δεινός and αἰνός are synonyms and there is a remote formal resemblance, which allowed Greek etymologists to derive the rare, poetic word αἰνός from the usual one δεινός.