ἀρόω
Word
Validation
Word-form
Word-lemma
Etymon-lemma
Transliteration (Word)
English translation (word)
Transliteration (Etymon)
English translation (etymon)
Century
Reference
Edition
Source
Ref.
Ed.
Quotation
ἔγχος: ὄνομα ῥηματικὸν παρὰ τὸ ἔχω ἔχος καὶ ἔγχος πλεονασμῶ τοῦ γ. ἠρέμα οὖν παρετυμολογεῖ Ὅμηρος παρατιθεὶς τὸ ῥῆμα· ‘ἔγχος ἔχ’ ἑνδεκάπηχυ’ (Ζ 319, Θ 494). πλεονάζει δὲ τὸ γ, ὡς καὶ ἐν τῷ λόγχη (παρὰ τὸ λόχος λόχη καὶ λόγχη, ἡ εἰς λόχον ἐπιτήδειος) καὶ τῷ γλίχεσθαι (παρὰ τὸ λίαν ἔχεσθαι λίχεσθαι καὶ γλίχεσθαι) καὶ τῷ γλαμᾷς παρὰ Ἀττικοῖς, λημᾷς γάρ· […] καὶ τὸ ἔλεγχος, <τ>ὸ ἕλην ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἔχον καὶ λαμπρότητα τοῦ ψεύδους· καὶ τὸ ἀγρός· ἀρῶ γάρ, τὸ ἀροτριῶ, ἄρος <ἀγρός>· καὶ τὸ ὀργή, παρὰ γὰρ τὸ ὄρω ἐστί, τὸ σημαῖνον τὸ ὁρμῶ, ‘†τοῦ δ’ ὤρινέ τε θυμόν†’ (cf. Ξ 459 alibi), ‘ὄρινε δὲ κῆρ Ὀδυσῆος’ (ρ 216), ὀρή καὶ ὀργή
Translation (En)
Enkhos "spear": noun derived from a verb, from ekhō "to hold", *ekhos and enkhos through the addition of [g]. Homer quietly etymologizes it when he places it next to the verb, "he was holding a spear eleven cubit long" (enkhos ekh' endekapēku). The [g] is added as in lonkhē "spear-head" (from lokhos "ambush", *lokhē and lonkhē, the [weapon] fit for an ambush), and glikhesthai "to adhere strongly")(from lian ekhesthai "to hold very much", *likhesthai and glikhesthai), and the Attic glamais, that is, lēmais "you have rheumy eyes". […] and elenkhos, that which has in itself the warmth and brightness of lie; and agros "field": because from arô "to plough" <comes> *aros <and agros>; and orgē "anger", because from *orō, which means 'to excite', ‘†τοῦ δ’ ὤρινέ τε θυμόν†’ "and he excited his heart", "and she excited Ulysses' heart", <come> *orē and orgē
Parallels
Epimerismi Homerici ordine alphabetico traditi, upsilon 35 (ὑγρός (cf. Α 312 alibi): παρὰ τὸ ὕω ὑρός· πλεονάζει τὸ γ, ὡς ἐν τῷ ἁγνός καὶ ἀγρός καὶ ἀνάγκη. οἱ δὲ παρὰ τὸ ὑδρός ὄνομα· ἢ κατὰ μετάθεσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδος, ὡς πηγή (πηδή γὰρ ἦν) καὶ γάμος ἀπὸ τοῦ δάμος, ὁ δαμαστικὸς τῶν θηλείων, ὅθεν τὰς παρθένους ἀδαμάστους λέγουσιν «παρθένος ἀδμής» (ζ 209)· ὁ δὲ Ἡρωδιανὸς παρὰ τὸν ὕσω μέλλοντά φησιν ὑρός καὶ πλεονασμῷ τοῦ γ ὑγρός καὶ ὑγρόν ὡς ἐν τῷ ἄγνοια καὶ ἀγρός καὶ ἀνάγκη) = Herodian, Peri pathôn, Lentz III/2, p. 283; Orion, Etymologicum, alpha, p. 14 (Ἀγρός, παρὰ τὴν ἄγραν ἐν ᾧ γίνεται· ἢ παρὰ τὸ ἀρῶ, ἀρὸς καὶ ἀγρὸς, πλεονασμῷ τοῦ γ); Choeroboscus, Epimerismi in Psalmos, p. 148 (Ἀγρός, παρὰ τὸ ἀρῶ τὸ ἀροτριῶ, ἀρὸς καὶ ἀγρὸς, ἢ παρὰ τὸ ἄρην, ὃ σημαίνει τὸν σίδηρον, ὁ τῷ σιδήρῳ τεμνόμενος); ibid., p. 172 (παρὰ τὸ ἀρῶ ἀρόσω, τὸ ἀροτριῶ, ἀρὸς καὶ ἀγρός); Etym. Gudianum, alpha, p. 17 (τὸ δὲ ἀγρός παρὰ τὸ⸥ ἀήρ ἀέρος, καὶ ἐν συγκοπῇ καὶ πλεονασμῷ τοῦ γ ἀγρός, ὁ εὔωρος· ἢ π⸤αρὰ τὸ ἀρῶ, τὸ ἀροτριῶ, ἀρός καὶ ἀγρός· <ἢ> παρὰ τὸ ἀγορά ἄγορος καὶ ἀγρός⸥); ibid., p. 17 (Ἀγρός· παρὰ τὴν ἄγραν· ἢ παρὰ τὸ ἀρῶ, τὸ ἀροτριῶ, ἀ⸥ρός καὶ ἀγρός πλεονασμῷ τοῦ γ· ἢ παρὰ τὸ Ἄρης, ὃ σημαίνει τὸν σίδη⸤ρον, ὁ τῷ σιδήρῳ τεμνόμενος⸥); Etym. Magnum, Kallierges, p. 13 (Ἀγρός: Παρὰ τὴν ἄγραν, ἐν ᾧ γίνεται· ἢ παρὰ τὸ ἀρῶ τὸ ἀροτριῶ, ἀρὸς καὶ ἀγρός); Etym. Symeonis, vol. 1, p. 50 (idem)
Comment
The etymology derives ἀγρός from ἀρόω "to plough", assuming the [g] was added afterwards. The semantic relationship between field and ploughing is clear enough and the field is etymologized as the cultivated land. The etymology is explicitly attributed to Herodian by the Epimerismi homerici (see Parallels). It is used as an analogical parallel to back the addition of a [g] in various words (which in fact reflect two different cases, as in some words a voiced stop [g] is added (ὑγρός, ἀγρός) whereas in others γ is a spelling for the velar nasal [ŋ], and in fact what is added is a [n], not a [g] (ἔγχος, ἀνάγκη): this reflects the usual confusion between the phonetic and graphic levels)