λόχος
Word
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Word-lemma
Etymon-lemma
Transliteration (Word)
English translation (word)
Transliteration (Etymon)
English translation (etymon)
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Quotation
(Epimerismi) ἔγχος: ὄνομα ῥηματικὸν παρὰ τὸ ἔχω ἔχος καὶ ἔγχος πλεονασμῶ τοῦ γ. ἠρέμα οὖν παρετυμολογεῖ Ὅμηρος παρατιθεὶς τὸ ῥῆμα· ‘ἔγχος ἔχ’ ἑνδεκάπηχυ’ (Ζ 319, Θ 494). πλεονάζει δὲ τὸ γ, ὡς καὶ ἐν τῷ λόγχη (παρὰ τὸ λόχος λόχη καὶ λόγχη, ἡ εἰς λόχον ἐπιτήδειος) καὶ τῷ γλίχεσθαι (παρὰ τὸ λίαν ἔχεσθαι λίχεσθαι καὶ γλίχεσθαι) καὶ τῷ γλαμᾷς παρὰ Ἀττικοῖς, λημᾷς γάρ· […] καὶ τὸ ἔλεγχος, <τ>ὸ ἕλην ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἔχον καὶ λαμπρότητα τοῦ ψεύδους· καὶ τὸ ἀγρός· ἀρῶ γάρ, τὸ ἀροτριῶ, ἄρος <ἀγρός>· καὶ τὸ ὀργή, παρὰ γὰρ τὸ ὄρω ἐστί, τὸ σημαῖνον τὸ ὁρμῶ, ‘†τοῦ δ’ ὤρινέ τε θυμόν†’ (cf. Ξ 459 alibi), ‘ὄρινε δὲ κῆρ Ὀδυσῆος’ (ρ 216), ὀρή καὶ ὀργή.
Translation (En)
Enkhos "spear": noun derived from a verb, from ekhō "to hold", *ekhos and enkhos through adjunction of /g/. Homer etymologizes it simply when he places it next to the verb, ‘ἔγχος ἔχ’ ἑνδεκάπηχυ’ "he was holding a spear eleven cubits long". The /g/ is added as in lonkhē "spear-head" (from lokhos "ambush, *lokhē and lonkhē, the one fit for an ambush), and glikhesthai "to adhere strongly" (from lian ekhesthai "to hold very much", *likhesthai and glikhesthai), and the Attic glamais, that is, lēmais "you have rheumy eyes". […] and elenkhos, that which has in itself the warmth and brightness of lie; and agros "field": because from arô "to plough" <comes> *aros <and agros>; and orgē "anger", because from *orō, which means "to excite", ‘†τοῦ δ’ ὤρινέ τε θυμόν†’ "and he excited his heart", "and she excited Ulysses' heart", <come> *orē and orgē.
Parallels
There is no parallel
Comment
Functional etymology: the spear-head is etymologized after one of the functions a weapon can have, to set an ambush. The etymology requires only one formal manipulation, the adjunction of a consonant, for which parallels are given, the etymology itself being quoted as a parallel for ἔγχος derived from ἔχω. The parallelism between ἔγχος and λόγχη is rational in the perspective adopted by Herodian, and the etymology of the latter is analogical after that of the former: ἔγχος "spear" from ἔχω "to hold" is semantically justifiable, whereas λόγχη "spear-head" from λόχος "ambush" is artificial (etymology e synonymo, see etymology ex antonymo). But the following parallels imply the addition of a voiced velar stop /g/, whereas ἔγχος, λόγχη and ἐλεγχος require the insertion of a nasal /n/, spelled γ but which is not a velar stop. This reflects the usual confusion between the graphic and phonetic levels in Greek etymological explanations