λόχος
Word
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Word-lemma
Etymon-lemma
Transliteration (Word)
English translation (word)
Transliteration (Etymon)
English translation (etymon)
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Quotation
(Epimerismi) ἔγχος: ὄνομα ῥηματικὸν παρὰ τὸ ἔχω ἔχος καὶ ἔγχος πλεονασμῶ τοῦ γ. ἠρέμα οὖν παρετυμολογεῖ Ὅμηρος παρατιθεὶς τὸ ῥῆμα· ‘ἔγχος ἔχ’ ἑνδεκάπηχυ’ (Ζ 319, Θ 494). πλεονάζει δὲ τὸ γ, ὡς καὶ ἐν τῷ λόγχη (παρὰ τὸ λόχος λόχη καὶ λόγχη, ἡ εἰς λόχον ἐπιτήδειος) καὶ τῷ γλίχεσθαι (παρὰ τὸ λίαν ἔχεσθαι λίχεσθαι καὶ γλίχεσθαι) καὶ τῷ γλαμᾷς παρὰ Ἀττικοῖς, λημᾷς γάρ· […] καὶ τὸ ἔλεγχος, <τ>ὸ ἕλην ἐν ἑαυτῷ ἔχον καὶ λαμπρότητα τοῦ ψεύδους· καὶ τὸ ἀγρός· ἀρῶ γάρ, τὸ ἀροτριῶ, ἄρος <ἀγρός>· καὶ τὸ ὀργή, παρὰ γὰρ τὸ ὄρω ἐστί, τὸ σημαῖνον τὸ ὁρμῶ, ‘†τοῦ δ’ ὤρινέ τε θυμόν†’ (cf. Ξ 459 alibi), ‘ὄρινε δὲ κῆρ Ὀδυσῆος’ (ρ 216), ὀρή καὶ ὀργή.
Translation (En)
Enkhos "spear": noun derived from a verb, from ekhō "to hold", *ekhos and enkhos through adjunction of [g]. Homer etymologizes it simply when he places it next to the verb, ‘ἔγχος ἔχ’ ἑνδεκάπηχυ’ "he was holding a spear eleven cubits long". The [g] is added as in lonkhē "spear-head" (from lokhos "ambush, *lokhē and lonkhē, the one fit for an ambush), and glikhesthai "to adhere strongly" (from lian ekhesthai "to hold very much", *likhesthai and glikhesthai), and the Attic glamais, that is, lēmais "you have rheumy eyes". […] and elenkhos, that which has in itself the warmth and brightness of lie; and agros "field": because from arô "to plough" <comes> *aros <and agros>; and orgē "anger", because from *orō, which means "to excite", ‘†τοῦ δ’ ὤρινέ τε θυμόν†’ "and he excited his heart", "and she excited Ulysses' heart", <come> *orē and orgē.
Parallels
There is no parallel
Comment
Functional etymology: the spear-head is etymologized after one of the functions a weapon can have, to set an ambush. The etymology requires only one formal manipulation, the adjunction of a consonant, for which parallels are given, the etymology itself being quoted as a parallel for ἔγχος derived from ἔχω. The parallelism between ἔγχος and λόγχη is rational in the perspective adopted by Herodian. But the following parallels imply the addition of a voiced velar stop [g], whereas ἔγχος, λόγχη and ἐλεγχος require the insertion of a nasal [n], spelled γ but which is not a velar stop. This reflects the usual confusion between the graphic and phonetic levels in Greek etymological explanations