κῆρ + διά
Word
Validation
No
Word-form
καρδία
Word-lemma
Transliteration (Word)
kardia
English translation (word)
heart
Transliteration (Etymon)
kēr + dia
English translation (etymon)
heart + through
Century
12 AD
Source
Idem
Ref.
Commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem 3, 887
Ed.
M. van der Valk, Eustathii archiepiscopi Thessalonicensis commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem pertinentes, Leiden, 1971-1987
Quotation
καρδία γὰρ κατά τινας ἡ διὰ τὸ κῆρ τρόπῳ ἀναστροφῆς οἱονεὶ κῆρ δία
Translation (En)
Kardia "heart", according to some people, is that which goes through the heart (dia to kēr), by a figure of anastrophe, as it were *kēr dia "heart-through"
Parallels
Eustathius, Comm. Il. 3, 526 Van der Valk (οἱονεὶ γάρ, φησί, κᾶρ δία, ἤγουν διὰ τὸ κῆρ. οὕτω δέ, φησί, καὶ σκιάδιον τὸ σκιὰν δία, ἤγουν διὰ σκιάν) [φησί refers to a scholiast to Euripides, Hec. 345, who proposes an explanation of the line which is to be rejected according to Eustathius]
Modern etymology
Old inherited name of the heart, related within Greek to κῆρ. PIE *kr̥d-i-, matching Lat. cor, cordis (Beekes, EDG)
Persistence in Modern Greek
MG has καρδιά designating: 1. "heart" as the part of the body, 2. any object/design with this shape, 3. the totality of human emotions, 4. the positive/negative disposition of someone, 5. the center of something.
Entry By
Le Feuvre
Comment
The etymology reported here by Eustathius, who does not subscribe to it ("according to some people") is indeed weird. Ite relates correctly καρδία to κῆρ, but then accounts for the end of the word by the poetic use of anastrophe according to which a preposition can be found after its regime. This reverse order, frequent in Homer and imitated in post-Homeric poetry, is then transposed to a single word: since prepositional governing compounds in Greek rely on real prepositional phrases (ἐναλίος from ἐν ἁλί), a lexicographer assumed that a compound could also come from a prepositional phrase displaying anastrophe. This etymology requires a further formal manipulation, the change of [ē] to [ă], but the correspondance between η and α was so familiar to Greek scholars that it was taken for granted. The explanation is semantically bizarre: it seems to imply that the καρδία is defined, not as the organ, which is κῆρ, but as the energy contained in the organ and running through it.