ἅμα + ἄξων

Validation

No

Word-form

ἅμαξα

Transliteration (Word)

hamaxa

English translation (word)

wagon, four-wheeled carriage

Transliteration (Etymon)

hama + axōn

English translation (etymon)

together + axle

Author

Eustathius of Thessalonica

Century

12 AD

Source

Idem

Ref.

Commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem 4, 595

Ed.

M. van der Valk, Eustathii archiepiscopi Thessalonicensis commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem pertinentes, Leiden, 1971-1987

Quotation

Καὶ ὅρα ὅτι ψιλοῦσθαι ὁ ποιητὴς τὴν ἄμαξαν βούλεται, ὡς δηλοῖ τὸ «κατ’ ἀμαξιτόν». τὸ δ’ αὐτὸ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ κατημαξευμένου φαίνεται. γίνεται γάρ, φασίν, ἄμαξα παρὰ τὸ ἄγειν τὰ ἀμώμενα, ἤτοι θεριζόμενα. οἱ δὲ δασύνοντες ἀπὸ τοῦ ἅμα καὶ τοῦ ἄξονος αὐτὴν συντιθέασιν

Translation (En)

And note that Homer has amaxa "wagon" with a smooth breathing, as shown by the ‘kat' amaxiton’ (Il. 22.146) ‘on the road’. The same appears also from the katēmaxeumenos "trite, on which many wagons have passed". Because, as they say, amaxa comes from "to lead" (agein) that which has been reaped (ta amōmena), that is, the cut crop. But others spell it with a rough breathing, and hold it for a compound of hama "together" and axōn "axle"

Comment

This etymology shares with the usual one (ἅμαξα / ἅμα + ἄγω) the analysis of the first element as the adverb ἅμα "together, at the same time", but identifies the second element as the name of the axle. It refers probably to the fact that a wagon has four wheels, hence two axles, as opposed to a cart, although the scholion to Aratus (see Parallels) has a different interpretation and understands that the wheels rotate together on the axle.

Parallels

Scholia in Aratum (vetera) 27, 85 (Ἅμαξαι λέγονται παρὰ τὸ ὁμοῦ ἐν τῷ ἄξονι εἱλεῖσθαι. ἄλλως. Ἅμαξαι: διὰ τὸ ἅμα ἐν τῷ ἄξονι καὶ τῇ τούτου ἀρχῇ εἶναι)

Modern etymology

Copulative compound. The second element is best analyzed as the old name of the wheel axle (Lat. axis, Gr. ἄξων), despite Beekes' skepticism, that is, the four-wheeled wagon is that which has "axles together".

Persistence in Modern Greek

MG still has άμαξα designating 'wheeled vehicle/carriage usually guided by horses to transfer people'. The ancient form survives in the phrases "ο τελευταίος τροχός της αμάξης" ("the least important") and "τα εξ αμάξης" ("many swears/accusations").

Entry By

Le Feuvre