ἐκτός
Word
Validation
Word-form
Word-lemma
Etymon-lemma
Transliteration (Word)
English translation (word)
Transliteration (Etymon)
English translation (etymon)
Century
Reference
Edition
Source
Ref.
Ed.
Quotation
Ἐχθές· ὁ Ἀπολλώνιος παρὰ τὸ ἐκτὸς τοῦ χρόνου γεγονὸς κατάστημα ἐκτές, εἶτα τῶν ψιλῶν εἰς δασέα μεταπεσόντων ἐχθές
Translation (En)
"Ekhthes "yesterday": Apollonios says that from the state that has become ektos "outside" time, one obtains *ektes, and then, by change of the non aspirate into aspirate stops, ekhthes"
Parallels
Herodian, Peri pathôn, Lentz III/2, p. 182 (ποῖόν ἐστιν ἀναλογώτερον καὶ κυριώτερον καὶ πρῶτον τὸ χθές ἢ τὸ ἐχθές; τὸ ἐχθές. καὶ δῆλον, πρῶτον μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐτυμολογίας, ὅτι ἐχθές εἴρηται παρὰ τὸ ἐκτὸς γεγενῆσθαι τῆς σήμερον. παρὰ τὸ ἐκτὸς τοῦ χρόνου γεγονὸς κατάστημα ἐκτές καὶ τροπῇ τῶν ψιλῶν εἰς δασέα ἐχθές "which is the more regular and proper and primary, χθές or ἐχθές? Ἐχθές, and this is clear first from etymology, because ἐχθές is said from the fact that it has become outside today. From the state that has become ektos "outside" time, on obtains *ektes, and then, by change of the non aspirate into aspirate stops, ekhthes."); Orion, Etymologicum, chi, p. 162 (Χθές. ἀποβολῇ τοῦ ε. ἡ γὰρ ἐχθέσασα ἡμέρα καὶ ἐκτὸς γενομένη οὕτως εἴρηται, χθές); Etym. Magnum, Kallierges p. 405 (Ἐχθὲς καὶ Χθές: Οἱ Ἀττικοὶ, χθές· οἱ δὲ κοινοὶ, ἐχθές. Πρῶτον δὲ τὸ ἐχθὲς τοῦ χθές· καὶ δῆλον, πρῶτον μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐτυμολογίας, ὅτι ἐχθὲς εἴρηται παρὰ τὸ ἐκτὸς γεγενῆσθαι τῆς σήμερον. Παρὰ τὸ ἐκτὸς τοῦ χρόνου γεγονὸς κατάστημα, ἐκτές· καὶ τροπῇ τῶν ψιλῶν εἰς δασέα, ἐχθές); Ps.-Zonaras, Lexicon, epsilon, p. 943 (idem)
Comment
This etymology relies on a simple manipulation, the aspiration / deaspiration of stops. It may have been suggested by the fact that most adverbs with a spatial meaning, like ἐκτός "outside" also have a temporal meaning, like ἐνταῦθα "there / then", πάλιν "back / again". As can be seen from the other formulations (see Parallels), the form χθές was considered secondary with respect to ἐχθές, for etymological reasons (and the grammarian Tryphon also taught that the form ἐχθές was the regular one and that χθές resulted from a deletion of [e], for reasons having nothing to do with etymology: ap. Apollonius Dysc., De adverbiis p. 556). From the modern point of view it is the opposite, χθές is older.