σέλας + νέος + ἀεί

Validation

Yes

Last modification

Fri, 10/21/2022 - 16:58

Word-form

σελαναία

Transliteration (Word)

selēnē

English translation (word)

moon

Transliteration (Etymon)

selas + neos + aei

English translation (etymon)

gleam + new + always

Author

Plato

Century

4 BC

Source

Idem

Ref.

Cratylus 409b-c

Ed.

J. Burnet, Platonis Opera, Oxford UP, 1903

Quotation

Σωκράτης: ‘Σελαναίαν’ δέ γε καλοῦσιν αὐτὴν πολλοί.

Ἑρμογένης: πάνυ γε.

Σωκράτης: ὅτι δὲ σέλας νέον καὶ ἕνον ἔχει ἀεί, ‘Σελαενονεοάεια’ μὲν δικαιότατ᾽ ἂν τῶν ὀνομάτων καλοῖτο, συγκεκροτημένον δὲ ‘Σελαναία’ κέκληται

Comment

This etymology is probably older than Plato. With the basic three components σέλας, νέος and ἀεί, it is repeated during all Antiquity as the standard etymology. Plato adds in fact a fourth component, ἔνος "old", which is not found in other sources. The words is parsed as a compound uniting a noun, one or two adjectives ("new" in the standard version, and in Platon "new" and "old") and an adverb ("always"). More importantly, the etymology starts not from the standard form of the word "moon" in Ionic-Attic, σελἠνη, but from a derived poetic form σελαναία, which is in fact Doric. Starting from a dialectal variant whenever it was more convenient was not uncommon in Greek etymology, and there are other examples in the Cratylus. Notice that this etymology assumes as the last ‘primary element’ the adverb ἀεί under its Attic form, not paying attention to the fact that the older form is αἰεί (Homeric and Ionic) and that Doric dialects have αἰές with the same diphthong [ai]. A variant of the etymology, found in Byzantine Etymologica (see Parallels), implies only two components, σέλας and νέον, and drops "always"

Parallels

Cleomedes, Caelestia 2.5.84 (ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου ἡ σελήνη τὸ φῶς ἔχει, ὡς δῆλόν ἐστι πρῶτον μὲν ἐκ τῆς ἐτυμολογίας τοῦ ὀνόματος αὐτῆς, οὕτως ὠνομασμένης ἐκ τοῦ τὸ σέλας ἀεὶ νέον ἔχειν); D Scholia Il. 18.484 (εἴρηται δὲ σελήνη οἱονεὶ σέλας νέον); Orion, Etymologicum, sigma, p. 147 (Σελήνη. παρὰ τὸ σέλας ἀείναον ἔχειν, ὅ ἐστι νέον. ὅθεν καὶ ἔνος ὁ ἐνιαυτὸς, ὁ ἀεὶ νεάζων. οὕτως Ἡρακλείδης); Johannes Lydus, De mensibus 3.2 (σελήνη δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ σέλας ἀεὶ νέον ἔχειν); Joannes Mauropus, Etymologica nominum 30-31 (τῇ δ’ αὖ σελήνῃ πᾶν ἀεὶ σέλας νέον | τὸ νῦν τ’ ἔλαττον πρὸς τὸ τῆς χθὲς ἢ πλέον); Etym. Gudianum, sigma, p. 498 (Σελήνη ἡ Ἄρτεμις, σέλας νέον, εἴρηται παρὰ τὸ σέλας ἀένναον ἔχειν, ὅθεν καὶ ἐνιαυτὸς, ὁ ἔνος ὁ ἀεὶ νεάζων, οὕτως Ἡρακλείδης); Etym. Magnum, Kallierges p. 709 (Σελήνη: παρὰ τὸ σέλας νέον ἔχειν· ἢ παρὰ τὸ σέλας ἀεὶ ἓν ἔχειν· ὅθεν καὶ ἔνος ὁ ἐνιαυτὸς, ὁ ἀεὶ νεάζων); Ps.-Zonaras, Lexicon, sigma p. 1636 (σελήνη παρὰ τὸ σέλας ἀεὶ νέον ἔχειν); Lexicon De atticis nominibus 59 (σελήνη. σέλας νέον ἔχουσα)

Modern etymology

Σελήνη is a derivative of σέλας "gleam", *σελασ-νᾱ "the gleaming one"

Persistence in Modern Greek

Σελήνη is still used in Modern Greek to designate the moon (Triandafyllidis, Dictionary of Modern Greek)

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